|
''Daphnis et Alcimadure'' (in Occitan classical norm, ''Dafnís e Alcimadura'', or according to the original libretto spelling, ''Daphnis e Alcimaduro'') is an opera by the Baroque violinist, conductor and composer Jean-Joseph Cassanéa de Mondonville to a libretto in the Occitan language, written by the composer himself and loosely ispired by La Fontaine's fable bearing the same title.〔''Daphnis & Alcimadure'', book XII, no. 24 (David Charlton, ''Opera in the Age of Rousseau. Music, Confrontation, Realism'', Cambridge, Cambridge University Presso, 2012, p. 338. ISBN 978-0-521-88760-1).〕 It takes the form of a pastorale in three acts and was later endowed with a prologue in French entitled ''Les jeux floraux'', to a libretto by Claude-Henri de Fusée de Voisenon.〔 The opera was first staged on 24 October and 5 November 1754 at the Palace of Fontainebleau (France) and performed before King Louis XV of France and his court. It was quite successful and the last act duet was repeated as an encore. Its public premiere was held by the Paris Opéra at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal on 29 December 1754,〔The score reproduced alongside bears the date "5 January 1755", but most sources are agreed on 29 December 1754 (cf. Pitou; Lajarte; ("Le magazine de l'opéra baroque" ); and, above all, the review appeared in (December 1754's edition ) of the ''Mercure de France'').〕 when the French prologue was added.〔 Mondonville asked two stars of the Paris Opéra to perform his work: the ''prima donna'' Marie Fel from Bordeaux and the ''primo uomo'' Pierre Jélyotte from Béarn. Both Bordeaux and Béarn are traditionally Occitan-speaking regions, though of Gascon and Béarnais dialects, whereas Mondonville wrote in the Languedocien dialect. The third role of the pastorale, Jeanet, was assigned to the ''secondo uomo'' of the company, Latour, who was born Gascon as well, although hardly anything is known about his life outside the Opéra, not even his first name.〔Lajarte, p. 232. Latour was an estimable member of the company of the Paris Opéra from 1740 to 1756, sharing with François Poirier the responsibility of substituting for the principal haute-contre Pierre Jéliotte (Pitou, ''ad nomen'', pp. 326—327).〕 The opera was composed during the ''Querelle des Bouffons'', an argument between partisans of French and Italian music. Mondonville supported the former, and according to Thèodore de Lajarte, he was prompted to employ his native Languedoc dialect because he intended to consolidate his leadership of the French faction.〔Lajarte, p. 232.〕 The German-born critic Melchior Grimm, a supporter of Italian music (and therefore not an admirer of Mondonville), approved the use of the Occitan language, as it was closer to Italian and thus partly able to camouflage the insipidity of Mondonville's work.〔''Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique de Grimm et de Diderot, depuis 1753 jusqu'en 1790'' (New edition), Tome 5 1766—1768, Parid, Furne and Ladrange, 1829, p. 445 (accessible for free online as a (Google ebook-gratis )).〕 ''Daphnis et Alcimadure'' received a favourable review in the ''Mercure de France''〔(''Extraits de Daphnis & Alcimadure'' ), cited.〕 and the degree of its success may be gauged by the fact that it inspired several parodies: ''Jérôme et Fanchonnette ou Anacréon à la Grenouillère'', "pastorale poissarde" (billingsgate pastorale) by Jean-Joseph Vadé (1719–1757), which was given at the Foire St Germain on 18 February 1755; ''Daphnis et Alcimadure'' performed in May 1756; ''Les Amours de Mathurine'', "in two acts mêlés d'ariettes", by Jacques Lacombe (1724–1801), mounted at the Théatre Italien on 10 June 1756; and finally a work titled ''Alcimatendre'',〔The title is a play on the name 'Alcimadure', the last part of which, 'dure' (meaning 'hard'), is turned into 'tendre' (meaning 'tender'). 〕 by Jean-François Mussot, called Arnould, (1734–1795), performed in 1773.〔''Les spectacles de Paris, ou calendrier historique & chronologique des thêatres'', 31st part, Paris, Duchesne, 1782, p. 161 (accessible for free online as a (Google ebook-gratis )).〕 In 1762 the Paris Opéra considered reviving the opera, and, since all the Occitan-speaking first performers had retired from the company, Pierre Jéliotte, who was still active at Court (as was Marie Fel), was offered the considerable sum of 24,000 livres for 24 performances to be held at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal. The great tenor however was only waiting for the king's leave to retire permanently to his native region and refused the offer. The lack of native-speaking singers forced Mondonville to prepare a French translation of his opera, which, however, was not staged for the time being.〔("Le magazine de l'opéra baroque" ). In fact, this source writes that, after Jélyotte and Fel's retirement, "there were no more Gascon actors left at the Paris Opera"; which is not exactly true, since the new principal tenor Jean-Pierre Pillot (1733-after 1789) came from Béarn as well as his predecessor (Émile Campardon, ''L'Académie Royale de Musique au XVIIIe siècle'', Paris, Berger-Levrault, 1884, II, (p. 242-245 ))〕 On the contrary, two years later the original Occitan version was mounted again at Court, with Jéliotte and Fel singing the title roles and the newly-engaged comic tenor of the Comédie-Italienne, Antoine Trial, who came from Avignon, replacing Latour as Jeanet.〔Cf. (period libretto ). Mademoiselle Du Bois (or Dubois), the elder (l'Aînée), performed the ''French'' role of Isaure in the prologue.〕 The French version had to wait until 1768 to be staged, but did not earn much applause.〔("Le magazine de l'opéra baroque" )〕 It was however revived again on 17 March 1773, "but it had lost its novelty, and it had to be dropped from the repertory after its 12th representation in French at the Opéra",〔 thus following the fate awaiting shortly the generality of old pre-Gluckian repertoire. Dialect versions were performed on several occasions in the south of France, where the Occitan language was still widely used:〔The opera had already been performed, beginning in 1755, in Lyon, Bordeaux, Montpellier, Toulouse and maybe elsewhere ("Montpellier", article cited).〕 at Montpellier and Toulouse performances of the opera, now styled a "pastouralo toulouzeno", were respectively held again in 1778 (with a text "adjusted to our patois of Montpellier"), and in 1786 and 1789 (both times at the Capitole de Toulouse).〔 Mondonville's Occitan opera was again performed (with decors by Jean Hugo) in Montpellier in 1981 and recorded.〔"Montpellier", article cited〕 It was later produced in 1994–1996 by the Festival Déodat de Séverac at Montauban and Saint Félix Lauragais.〔 In 1999 some extracts were included in a CD reconding entitled ''Musiques aux États du Languedoc''.〔Ref. in (OCLC WorldCat ).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Daphnis et Alcimadure」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|